Sources & further reading

Primary EU sources

• Directive (EU) 2024/825 (EmpCo) — EUR-Lex
• Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/1960 — harmonised "GARAN" label (EUR-Lex)
• European Commission DG JUST — page on the ECGT Directive
• European Commission FAQ on the ECGT Directive (DG JUST, Nov 2025)

Underlying directives EmpCo amends or relates to

• UCPD — Directive 2005/29/EC (consolidated)
• CRD — Directive 2011/83/EU (consolidated)
• Sale of Goods Directive (EU) 2019/771 — legal guarantee, durability
• Digital Content Directive (EU) 2019/770 — digital content updates
• Omnibus Directive (EU) 2019/2161 — penalty regime
• Representative Actions Directive (EU) 2020/1828 — collective redress
• CPC Regulation (EU) 2017/2394
• EU Ecolabel — Regulation (EC) No 66/2010
• Energy Labelling Regulation (EU) 2017/1369
• Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR, EU) 2024/1781
• Right to Repair Directive (EU) 2024/1799

Plain-language commentaries

Bird & Bird, Linklaters, Hogan Lovells, Osborne Clarke, Morgan Lewis, Latham & Watkins, CMS, Gleiss Lutz, Heuking, DLA Piper, Sidley Austin, ClimatePartner.

National enforcement signals

German BGH "Katjes" judgment, 27 June 2024 (Wettbewerbszentrale v. Katjes); ACM enforcement actions on H&M and Decathlon; AGCM Eni "Diesel+" decision; DGCCRF guidance on environmental claims.